ReviewThe possible mechanisms of action of 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine) against Sars-Cov-2 infection (COVID-19): A role for iron homeostasis?
Graphical abstract
Abbreviations
ACE2
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
AnxA5
annexinA5
APC
antigen-presenting cell
aPL
anti-phospholipid
APS
anti-phospholipid syndrome
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
BMP/SMAD
bone morphogenetic/small mother against decapentaplegic
β2GPI
β2-glicoprotein I
CME
clathrin-mediated endocytosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19
Sars-Cov-2 infection
CQ
Chloroquine
DC
dendritic cell
DMT1
divalent metal-ion transporter 1
EE
early endosome
EPO
erythropoietin
eNOS
endothelial nitric oxide synthetase
eNOX
endosomal NADPH oxidase
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
ERFE
erythroferrone
ERGIC
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
FPN1
ferroportin 1
FT
ferritin
HAEC
human aortic endotelial cell
HAMP
hepcidin
HCQ
hydroxychloroquine
HCMV
Human Cytomegalovirus
HCV
hepatitis C virus
HFE
hemochromatosis gene
HH
hemochromatosis
HIV-1
Human Deficiency Virus 1
HP
haptoglobin
HPX
hemopexin
HUVEC
human umbilical vein endothelial cell
ICU
intensive care unit
ID
iron deficiency
IDA
iron deficiency anemia
IDU
infectious disease unit
IFN-γ
interferon-γ
IFN1
type interferon
IgG
immunoglobulin G
IL-1β
interleukin-1β
IL-4
interleukin-4
IL-6
interleukin-6
IL-12
interleukin-12
IL-13
interleukin-13
IL-17
interleukin-17
JAK/STAT3
Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3
LF
lactoferrin
LEL
late endosome-lysosome
LPS
lipopolysaccharide
M
viral envelope membrane protein
mAb
monoclonal antibody
MAPK
mitogen-activated protein kinase
MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHV-3
mouse hepatitis virus type 3
MMP
matrix metalloproteinase
MOI
multiplicity of infection
NET
neutrophil extracellular trap
NK
natural killer
NOX2
NADPH oxidase 2
NP
virus nucleoprotein
PICALM
phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RBC
red blood cell
S
viral spike protein
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
STEAP3
metalloreductase six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 3
TF
tissue factor
TFR1
transferrin receptor 1
TGN
trans-Golgi network
TGT
thrombin generating time
Th
T helper
TLR
Toll-like receptor
TMPRSS2
transmembrane serine protease 2
TNF-α
tumor necrosis factor-α
TRPML1/MCOLN1
mucolipin 1
VCAM-1
vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1
Keywords
Sars-Cov-2
COVID-19
Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine
Iron
Inflammation
Thrombosis
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