Disasters are unique. In a specific disaster scenario, the provision of matériel such as oxygen and pharmaceuticals, as well as other specific indicated services, can be challenging. Supplies may be allocated to both established medical centers and to temporary locations created to address the exceptional conditions. Successful execution of such programs requires logistical efforts utilizing physical resources, technical skills, and effort. However, even a flawlessly executed program can fail to yield the expected results, prove inordinately expensive, or even aggravate threats to public health. An after-the-fact objective assessment of a program, including its impacts both positive and negative, as well as its cost, should inform future planning.

California’s state-wide disaster approach to oxygen and ventilator logistics is well-described in Devereaux, Backer, et al.’s article Oxygen and Ventilator Logistics during California’s COVID-19 Surge- When Oxygen becomes a Scarce Resource. ^{Reference Devereaux, Backer and Salami1} Given that the provision of oxygen to COVID-19 patients was a major rate-limiting step in patient hospital discharge, the State of California established Alternate Care Sites (ACSs) to provide care for those stable enough for typical hospital medical-ward level care, thus freeing up in-hospital beds for higher-acuity cases.

This brief report reviews the provision of care, centered upon patient oxygenation, during the COVID-19 pandemic program, as seen on-the-ground during operation of the California Office of Emergency Services’ (CalOES) temporary Alternate Care Site at Porterville (PACS) in California’s Central Valley. The report’s perspective is that of a California Medical Assistance Team (CAL-MAT) volunteer physician, who deployed twice to this location, during the peak of the pandemic (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Daily deaths in California during author deployments.

Patient census at facilities

The graph below ( Figure 2) shows that the daily census, at PACS never exceeded 19, and the typical noon census over 5 weeks, during the very peak of the epidemic, was approximately 10 patients. ^{Footnote a} The total number of patients at all 7 ACS sites combined (data from 3 CalOES press reports) during the pandemic’s peak, show total statewide census never reached 140Footnote ^b (Figure 3). ^2–4 The average census of all 7 sites was approximately 20 patients/site at the peak of the epidemic; over 50% the patients were at just 2 of the sites.

Figure 2. Daily patient census at PACS during pandemic peak.

Figure 3. Number of patients at seven ACS sites during pandemic peak.

Utilization of personnel

Provision of care at the ACS sites required adequate staff. At its peak, CalOES mobilized 4472 individuals to provide care for fewer than 140 individuals, a ratio of 31 mobilized personnel for each individual in-patient during pandemic peak, and an even higher ratio at non-peak times (Figure 4).Footnote ^c

Figure 4. CalOES press release showing deployed staff at all 7 ACS sites, January 27, 2021.

Equipment never utilized

Devereaux et al. do not discuss how much oxygen equipment was acquired but never actually utilized. Almost 50% of the oxygen concentrators and tanks at the PACS site were never taken out of their new boxes/packages or put in service. Presumably the same held true for some other sites as well (Figures 5, 6, & 7 below of unused equipment [oxygen concentrators, tanks, etc.] during the pandemic peak).

Figure 5. Nineteen unopened oxygen concentrator boxes at PACS, December 30, 2020.Footnote ^d

Figure 6. One utilized and three non-utilized oxygen tank fillers, along with dozens of oxygen bottles, most still in unopened boxes.

Figure 7. Three more oxygen tank fillers, one of which was utilized.

Equipment availability

Oxygen concentrators

According to Devereaux et al., approximately 500 oxygen concentrators were acquired by CalOES. Of these, given patient census numbers and the utilization pattern at PACS described above, perhaps 50% (250) were never utilized. While the removal of these 250 concentrator units from a market as large as California arguably had a minimal effect, the acute shortage of home oxygen equipment prompted a press release by CalOES urging individuals with oxygen equipment no longer in use at home to ‘return’ it (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Press release from CalOES, January 25, 2021.

Unfortunately, oxygen shortage impacts did not stop at either the state or national border. In late January 2021, the then-ongoing, pandemic-triggered, oxygen shortage in Mexico caused Mexican expats in Northern California to snap up used oxygen concentrators on secondary markets such as Craigslist, to personally transport them 3000 km to Mexico City (Figures 9 & 10; author’s personal data).

Figure 9. A Mexico City Queue for Oxygen Bottles (AP, Marco Ugarte, January, 2021).

Figure 10. A typical Craigslist listing of an oxygen concentrator for sale, February 2022.

Ventilators

Given their status as general medical ward care-providers only, ACSs such as PACS did not use ventilators for patient care. Thus, the author can provide no direct observational data regarding utilization of the 15000 ventilators which CalOES purchased from 10 different manufacturers. While Deveraux et al. report that acquisition, they provide no information regarding how many of those units were distributed to hospital end-users, nor how many of that number were put into service, and how many patients used them, etc. Without such numbers, it is impossible to assess the utility of that logistical aspect of the emergency provision of oxygen even casually.