Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound global repercussions, leading to substantial fatalities and economic losses worldwide. However, amidst these adversities, the pandemic inadvertently offered a unique opportunity to assess the impact of reduced human activity on environmental noise levels. This study focuses on monitoring and mapping noise pollution levels at 101 locations managed by the Bhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, during three distinct periods: pre-COVID, during COVID-lockdown, and post-COVID. Using ArcGIS 10.2.1, noise data are spatially analysed across different zones designated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), namely Industrial, Commercial, Residential, and Silence Zones. The findings reveal a significant reduction in traffic noise during the COVID-19 lockdown period compared to both pre-COVID and post-COVID periods across all four zones. To assess the potential impact on human health, the study employs equations developed by Miedema and Vos (Acoust Soc Am 104:3432–3445, 1998, https://doi.org/10.1121/1.423927) for calculating percentages of highly annoyed individuals and estimating sleeping disorders. Additionally, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is applied to explore associations between noise levels and health outcomes across different time periods. Despite the significant reduction in traffic noise observed during the COVID-19 lockdown, our analysis suggests that this decrease did not have a statistically significant effect on annoyance levels (p-value: 0.0542) or sleeping disorders (p-value: 0.121). This study provides valuable insights into the unintended consequences of urban lockdowns on environmental noise pollution and their potential implications for public health and urban planning.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the S 'O' A Deemed to be University for their support and continuous cooperation.
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Appendices
Annexure- A Details on the activities that were restricted and permitted during the first two phases of the lockdown.
Lockdown phase and its duration | Activities during lockdown |
|---|---|
Phase 1 (25th March–14th April) Phase 2 (15th April–3rd May) MHA, (2020) | All the offices of central and state governments were closed with exceptions to the offices related to safety, security, health and other essential services All the commercial and private establishments were closed with exceptions to essentials such as food, banking, telecommunication, power and delivery etc All industries were closed with exceptions to the manufacturing units of essential goods, food packaging, medicines, and health equipment. Coal and mineral production; and agricultural-related packaging industries were allowed All transport services, air, rail, road were closed with exceptions of transportation of essential goods, law and order Movement of individuals was restricted with exceptions to an emergency purpose Hospitality services in hotels, homestays, ledges, etc.were suspended with the exceptions to stranded tourists and emergency staff; and the establishment used for quarantine facility All educational, training, research, coaching institutes were closed All places of worship were closed Ali social/ political/ sports/ entertainment/ academic/ cultural/ religious functions /gatherings were prohibited Movement of goods traffic to maintain the supply was allowed in Phase 2. Additionally, transport of stranded people was allowed People were advised to stay at home, work from home |
MHA, 2020, No. 40-3/2020-DM-I (A), Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/MHA%20order%20dt%2015.04.2020%2C%20with%20Revised%20Consolidated%20Guidelines_compressed%20%283%29.pdf; http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/PR_Consolidated%20Guideline%20of%20MHA_28032020%20(1)_1.PDF
Annexure- B
Area code | Coordinates (in decimal) | Pre-COVID LD (dBA) | Pre-COVID LN (dBA) | COVID LD (dBA) | COVID LN (dBA) | Post-COVID LD (dBA) | Post-COVID LN (dBA) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | x | |||||||
C1 | 20.2847 | 85.80815 | 80.3 | 81 | 64.1 | 65.2 | 79.6 | 80.4 |
C2 | 20.2799 | 85.81296 | 77.3 | 79.2 | 66.8 | 61.3 | 78.9 | 78.7 |
C3 | 20.26875 | 85.81134 | 78.2 | 79.9 | 69.4 | 61.2 | 77.4 | 80.1 |
C4 | 20.28648 | 85.82659 | 77.8 | 78.5 | 66.5 | 61.4 | 76.9 | 79 |
C5 | 20.27578 | 85.80388 | 77.6 | 78.4 | 68.1 | 60.1 | 78.3 | 79.1 |
C6 | 20.27972 | 85.79886 | 78.8 | 80.4 | 69.4 | 61.4 | 79.5 | 81.7 |
C7 | 20.27422 | 85.79449 | 80.9 | 82.1 | 72.5 | 70.4 | 79.5 | 80.8 |
C8 | 20.27208 | 85.79381 | 81.1 | 82.4 | 72.8 | 70.6 | 82.2 | 81.4 |
C9 | 20.26322 | 85.83337 | 79.8 | 81.7 | 72.5 | 70.6 | 78.8 | 79 |
C10 | 20.26474 | 85.83401 | 78.7 | 80 | 69.4 | 64.5 | 77.8 | 79.2 |
C11 | 20.26829 | 85.84094 | 79.4 | 81.7 | 71.7 | 61.6 | 78.5 | 80.5 |
C12 | 20.26752 | 85.84317 | 80.7 | 81.2 | 72.4 | 67.4 | 78.8 | 79.4 |
C13 | 20.26138 | 85.83666 | 78.6 | 80.4 | 69.5 | 62.4 | 79 | 79.6 |
C14 | 20.26005 | 85.83688 | 79.3 | 81 | 67.9 | 60.4 | 77.9 | 78.4 |
C15 | 20.25821 | 85.84138 | 80.5 | 81.7 | 67.8 | 62.4 | 79.7 | 80.6 |
C16 | 20.2553 | 85.83184 | 78.6 | 79.5 | 66.7 | 59.9 | 77.2 | 77.6 |
C17 | 20.25711 | 85.82262 | 77.6 | 78.9 | 65.4 | 60.1 | 77.3 | 77.4 |
C18 | 20.25288 | 85.83825 | 79.9 | 76.8 | 70.1 | 65 | 78.9 | 77.5 |
C19 | 20.27369 | 85.84506 | 77.4 | 79.2 | 65.2 | 60.1 | 78.1 | 77.3 |
C20 | 20.28946 | 85.8428 | 80.5 | 82.2 | 69.2 | 62.2 | 77.4 | 77.9 |
C21 | 20.28701 | 85.84825 | 78.6 | 79.9 | 60.4 | 55.9 | 76.9 | 78 |
C22 | 20.30182 | 85.8649 | 78.6 | 80.8 | 69.2 | 68.5 | 78.4 | 79.4 |
C23 | 20.29601 | 85.84778 | 77.9 | 79.6 | 72.4 | 70.2 | 78.2 | 78 |
C24 | 20.29563 | 85.8516 | 80.4 | 81.7 | 75.4 | 71 | 81.1 | 80.4 |
C25 | 20.2952 | 85.85762 | 78.9 | 80.8 | 68.5 | 61.2 | 78.4 | 77.1 |
C26 | 20.29361 | 85.85701 | 78.7 | 79.5 | 65.9 | 60.2 | 76.6 | 78.4 |
C27 | 20.29167 | 85.85717 | 77.5 | 78.7 | 66.2 | 60.3 | 76.9 | 77.4 |
C28 | 20.2991 | 85.85505 | 76.4 | 77.8 | 70.2 | 64.2 | 75.8 | 76.5 |
C29 | 20.29753 | 85.84664 | 76.6 | 78.8 | 68.5 | 62.2 | 75.6 | 76.1 |
C30 | 20.28978 | 85.80509 | 78.8 | 80.4 | 70.2 | 68.9 | 78 | 77.7 |
C31 | 20.28887 | 85.81346 | 79.9 | 82.7 | 74.2 | 69.4 | 78.7 | 79.8 |
C32 | 20.29286 | 85.81624 | 78.7 | 80.4 | 73.8 | 61.9 | 77.2 | 76.3 |
C33 | 20.29694 | 85.82807 | 81.1 | 85.9 | 62.2 | 55.1 | 79.6 | 82.1 |
C34 | 20.31731 | 85.81764 | 76.6 | 77.8 | 68.5 | 62.2 | 74.9 | 75.5 |
C35 | 20.32129 | 85.82019 | 77.9 | 80.2 | 64.5 | 60.2 | 78 | 79.5 |
C36 | 20.32631 | 85.82056 | 77.8 | 79.7 | 67.8 | 62.2 | 77 | 78.3 |
C37 | 20.33228 | 85.82119 | 77.4 | 78.9 | 74.9 | 69.2 | 76.9 | 77.8 |
C38 | 20.3349 | 85.82123 | 76.5 | 76 | 68.4 | 69.5 | 74.8 | 74.8 |
C39 | 20.34233 | 85.82267 | 77.3 | 78.6 | 65.6 | 61.1 | 76.6 | 77.7 |
C40 | 20.25912 | 85.78906 | 80.4 | 81.7 | 67.2 | 64.2 | 78.7 | 80.5 |
C41 | 20.27792 | 85.84366 | 78.7 | 80.9 | 67.2 | 61.1 | 77.8 | 78.5 |
R1 | 20.27851 | 85.81153 | 73.2 | 76.8 | 61.7 | 59.1 | 74.6 | 75.1 |
R2 | 20.27539 | 85.81276 | 71.8 | 72.9 | 64.7 | 57.4 | 72.6 | 71.6 |
R3 | 20.28048 | 85.81413 | 72.6 | 74.4 | 63.8 | 59.4 | 73.5 | 75.7 |
R4 | 20.2738 | 85.82475 | 77.9 | 79 | 64.8 | 60.2 | 77.5 | 78.6 |
R5 | 20.2754 | 85.82558 | 77.6 | 78.9 | 65.4 | 60.3 | 78.2 | 79.1 |
R6 | 20.27738 | 85.82646 | 76.4 | 77.7 | 63.9 | 58.7 | 75.9 | 76.4 |
R7 | 20.28334 | 85.81971 | 70.2 | 71.1 | 63.1 | 60.2 | 69.9 | 70 |
R8 | 20.28262 | 85.82298 | 72.7 | 73.8 | 65.9 | 62.2 | 71.5 | 72.8 |
R9 | 20.27931 | 85.82058 | 73.6 | 74.8 | 64 | 60.9 | 71.9 | 73.7 |
R10 | 20.27855 | 85.81748 | 70.4 | 72.7 | 64.1 | 59.5 | 71 | 72.9 |
R11 | 20.27101 | 85.81223 | 73.7 | 75 | 66.8 | 62.6 | 74.9 | 73.9 |
R12 | 20.27308 | 85.80842 | 70.2 | 73.2 | 61.2 | 59.4 | 70.4 | 74.5 |
R13 | 20.28216 | 85.82511 | 71 | 72.4 | 62.7 | 60.1 | 73.4 | 71.9 |
R14 | 20.28438 | 85.82148 | 69.6 | 71 | 61.1 | 59.1 | 68.9 | 70.4 |
R15 | 20.28589 | 85.8155 | 73.2 | 74.8 | 65.5 | 61.9 | 73.4 | 72.4 |
R16 | 20.27865 | 85.8056 | 75.2 | 76 | 65.5 | 61.5 | 74.8 | 75.8 |
R17 | 20.271 | 85.80553 | 76.6 | 77.1 | 65.9 | 63.5 | 75.4 | 76.9 |
R18 | 20.27053 | 85.82158 | 74.3 | 76.7 | 68.6 | 64.5 | 73.8 | 75.8 |
R19 | 20.26998 | 85.82782 | 77.8 | 75.9 | 67.8 | 62.4 | 76.2 | 74.9 |
R20 | 20.26941 | 85.83735 | 75.8 | 77.5 | 65.9 | 55.6 | 76.3 | 78.3 |
R21 | 20.26608 | 85.83655 | 76.7 | 75.8 | 64.4 | 63.8 | 75.8 | 74.1 |
R22 | 20.25828 | 85.83912 | 77.6 | 78.9 | 66.5 | 58.6 | 76.8 | 77.4 |
R23 | 20.25514 | 85.83834 | 74.7 | 76.9 | 61.4 | 56.2 | 73.8 | 75.4 |
R24 | 20.25608 | 85.82807 | 74.6 | 76.5 | 64.2 | 61.5 | 73.5 | 74.3 |
R25 | 20.26177 | 85.82833 | 74.4 | 76.6 | 65.1 | 59.2 | 75.3 | 77.6 |
R26 | 20.26477 | 85.82355 | 75.7 | 76 | 68 | 60.2 | 74.8 | 73.9 |
R27 | 20.262 | 85.84806 | 75.7 | 75.9 | 64.3 | 60.2 | 74.2 | 75.6 |
R28 | 20.29454 | 85.84741 | 76.8 | 75.2 | 66.4 | 60.1 | 74.6 | 75.5 |
R29 | 20.29441 | 85.85153 | 75.4 | 71.3 | 64.2 | 59.2 | 74.4 | 73 |
R30 | 20.29297 | 85.85071 | 76.6 | 78.9 | 63.8 | 60.2 | 77.1 | 76.5 |
R31 | 20.29006 | 85.85954 | 75.7 | 74.3 | 62.3 | 60.2 | 74.2 | 75 |
R32 | 20.29279 | 85.85992 | 75.8 | 77.6 | 61.2 | 58.6 | 76.3 | 77.4 |
R33 | 20.29448 | 85.86124 | 74.8 | 76.9 | 70.9 | 64.2 | 72.2 | 75.7 |
R34 | 20.28751 | 85.79829 | 74.8 | 76.8 | 65.2 | 60.1 | 73.1 | 74.9 |
R35 | 20.29458 | 85.80348 | 73.7 | 75.4 | 64 | 61.4 | 72.2 | 73.3 |
R36 | 20.2925 | 85.80472 | 76.5 | 75.6 | 66.1 | 60.2 | 75.9 | 74.2 |
R37 | 20.30169 | 85.81381 | 73.9 | 75.8 | 63.5 | 64.2 | 72.9 | 73.8 |
R38 | 20.32633 | 85.80933 | 75.6 | 77.9 | 68.5 | 60.2 | 72.1 | 76.3 |
R39 | 20.24374 | 85.79002 | 70.2 | 72.2 | 65.1 | 55.9 | 75.6 | 73.5 |
R40 | 20.23924 | 85.76711 | 76.3 | 73.1 | 62.1 | 60.3 | 74.8 | 75.6 |
R41 | 20.30232 | 85.86464 | 77.9 | 78.6 | 62.9 | 61 | 75.9 | 76.9 |
S1 | 20.26694 | 85.81068 | 76.9 | 79.4 | 62.5 | 60.3 | 75.8 | 78.6 |
S2 | 20.27235 | 85.81221 | 73.2 | 76.9 | 61.1 | 60.3 | 74.5 | 75.8 |
S3 | 20.2756 | 85.81786 | 77.3 | 78.8 | 65.4 | 61.2 | 78.7 | 78.1 |
S4 | 20.27996 | 85.82714 | 71.4 | 73.4 | 68.3 | 64.2 | 72.9 | 74.2 |
S5 | 20.27735 | 85.79723 | 79.8 | 81.1 | 70.2 | 68.7 | 80.2 | 81.7 |
S6 | 20.27052 | 85.83325 | 68.9 | 72.8 | 66.4 | 64.8 | 71.2 | 73.6 |
S7 | 20.25599 | 85.84047 | 78.7 | 78.3 | 69.2 | 60.2 | 78.4 | 77.5 |
S8 | 20.25838 | 85.82588 | 74.3 | 75.9 | 61.6 | 55.4 | 75.4 | 75.9 |
S9 | 20.25989 | 85.82413 | 75.7 | 77.9 | 68.7 | 61.1 | 76.5 | 75.9 |
S10 | 20.27412 | 85.83824 | 75.6 | 76.7 | 66.2 | 60 | 74.8 | 75.5 |
S11 | 20.28099 | 85.84323 | 78.8 | 77.5 | 62.2 | 60.1 | 74.3 | 76.1 |
S12 | 20.29072 | 85.84935 | 73.3 | 76.8 | 65.4 | 61.5 | 74.1 | 75.9 |
S13 | 20.29658 | 85.84055 | 76.9 | 77.8 | 63.5 | 61 | 77.3 | 78.4 |
S14 | 20.29996 | 85.85175 | 77.8 | 80.2 | 65.2 | 61.4 | 76.5 | 77.3 |
S15 | 20.30624 | 85.83334 | 77.6 | 78.8 | 70.2 | 66.2 | 76.2 | 76.9 |
S16 | 20.31329 | 85.81966 | 78.8 | 79.3 | 71.1 | 69.4 | 79 | 78.8 |
S17 | 20.24839 | 85.80047 | 76.4 | 77.1 | 72.8 | 69.5 | 73.1 | 75.2 |
S18 | 20.23086 | 85.77756 | 77.9 | 78.9 | 70.1 | 65.2 | 77.3 | 76 |
I1 | 20.29167 | 85.85557 | 76.9 | 78.7 | 65.4 | 61.4 | 77.3 | 75.4 |
*C = Commercial Zone, R = Residential Zone, S = Silence Zone, I = Industrial Zone.
Annexure- C
Area code | Coordinates (in decimal) | %HA (Pre-COVID) | %HSD (Pre-COVID) | %HA (COVID) | %HSD (COVID) | %HA (Post-COVID) | %HSD (Post-COVID) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | x | |||||||
C1 | 20.2847 | 85.80815 | 67.76007 | 27.604 | 31.12727 | 15.51045 | 66.08631 | 32.43742 |
C2 | 20.2799 | 85.81296 | 62.54878 | 25.45696 | 26.77404 | 12.27427 | 61.90212 | 30.20323 |
C3 | 20.26875 | 85.81134 | 64.46602 | 26.28114 | 28.73291 | 12.19724 | 64.75773 | 32.03691 |
C4 | 20.28648 | 85.82659 | 61.05687 | 24.6465 | 26.69693 | 12.35161 | 61.9711 | 30.59126 |
C5 | 20.27578 | 85.80388 | 60.76389 | 24.53184 | 26.60605 | 11.36947 | 62.60153 | 30.7212 |
C6 | 20.27972 | 85.79886 | 65.84237 | 26.87824 | 28.90661 | 12.35161 | 69.25203 | 34.20387 |
C7 | 20.27422 | 85.79449 | 70.65318 | 28.96074 | 42.72426 | 20.52854 | 67.01894 | 32.97559 |
C8 | 20.27208 | 85.79381 | 71.46675 | 29.33664 | 43.21041 | 20.73759 | 69.46787 | 33.79177 |
C9 | 20.26322 | 85.83337 | 69.33061 | 28.46346 | 43.07126 | 20.73759 | 62.54241 | 30.59126 |
C10 | 20.26474 | 85.83401 | 64.84822 | 26.4 | 32.21485 | 14.89632 | 62.68415 | 30.85143 |
C11 | 20.26829 | 85.84094 | 69.22692 | 28.46346 | 31.49174 | 12.50716 | 66.00601 | 32.57152 |
C12 | 20.26752 | 85.84317 | 68.38132 | 27.84816 | 38.04154 | 17.53541 | 63.46354 | 31.11279 |
C13 | 20.26138 | 85.83666 | 65.78745 | 26.87824 | 29.93011 | 13.14127 | 63.99717 | 31.37534 |
C14 | 20.26005 | 85.83688 | 67.45123 | 27.604 | 26.69437 | 11.59166 | 60.86204 | 29.81788 |
C15 | 20.25821 | 85.84138 | 69.53433 | 28.46346 | 28.65411 | 13.14127 | 66.59787 | 32.70591 |
C16 | 20.2553 | 85.83184 | 63.63166 | 25.8085 | 25.28129 | 11.22283 | 58.82695 | 28.80335 |
C17 | 20.25711 | 85.82262 | 61.92137 | 25.10794 | 24.60475 | 11.36947 | 58.41939 | 28.55269 |
C18 | 20.25288 | 85.83825 | 58.46199 | 22.73536 | 33.30751 | 15.3335 | 59.30164 | 28.67788 |
C19 | 20.27369 | 85.84506 | 62.57473 | 25.45696 | 24.48622 | 11.36947 | 58.51617 | 28.42781 |
C20 | 20.28946 | 85.8428 | 70.78428 | 29.08576 | 29.4803 | 12.98096 | 59.56502 | 29.18157 |
C21 | 20.28701 | 85.84825 | 64.57937 | 26.28114 | 17.69724 | 8.539677 | 59.63448 | 29.30824 |
C22 | 20.30182 | 85.8649 | 66.77209 | 27.36096 | 38.12038 | 18.60184 | 63.33391 | 31.11279 |
C23 | 20.29601 | 85.84778 | 63.6635 | 25.92624 | 42.33436 | 20.32067 | 60.07476 | 29.30824 |
C24 | 20.29563 | 85.8516 | 69.50338 | 28.46346 | 45.39448 | 21.15926 | 66.66574 | 32.43742 |
C25 | 20.2952 | 85.85762 | 66.84926 | 27.36096 | 27.93127 | 12.19724 | 58.22897 | 28.17893 |
C26 | 20.29361 | 85.85701 | 63.6638 | 25.8085 | 25.02133 | 11.44323 | 60.47724 | 29.81788 |
C27 | 20.29167 | 85.85717 | 61.42552 | 24.87666 | 25.32093 | 11.5173 | 58.28185 | 28.55269 |
C28 | 20.2991 | 85.85505 | 59.03359 | 23.84976 | 32.41702 | 14.63757 | 55.94361 | 27.43944 |
C29 | 20.29753 | 85.84664 | 61.42178 | 24.99216 | 28.92737 | 12.98096 | 55.01042 | 26.95238 |
C30 | 20.28978 | 85.80509 | 65.84237 | 26.87824 | 39.17048 | 18.99854 | 59.33856 | 28.92913 |
C31 | 20.28887 | 85.81346 | 71.91433 | 29.71506 | 42.13845 | 19.50111 | 64.37126 | 31.63907 |
C32 | 20.29286 | 85.81624 | 65.81462 | 26.87824 | 34.41449 | 12.74272 | 56.02848 | 27.19531 |
C33 | 20.29694 | 85.82807 | 80.87002 | 33.90834 | 45.3 | 22.2 | 70.29428 | 34.75749 |
C34 | 20.31731 | 85.81764 | 59.09011 | 23.84976 | 28.92737 | 12.98096 | 53.50078 | 26.23072 |
C35 | 20.32129 | 85.82019 | 65.11937 | 26.63856 | 24.21424 | 11.44323 | 63.45214 | 31.24392 |
C36 | 20.32631 | 85.82056 | 63.87745 | 26.04426 | 28.42859 | 12.98096 | 60.35316 | 29.69003 |
C37 | 20.33228 | 85.82119 | 61.86471 | 25.10794 | 42.40528 | 19.29919 | 59.17938 | 29.0552 |
C38 | 20.3349 | 85.82123 | 55.11726 | 21.864 | 39.69148 | 19.60252 | 51.99652 | 25.40229 |
C39 | 20.34233 | 85.82267 | 61.13477 | 24.76144 | 25.834 | 12.1205 | 58.86247 | 28.92913 |
C40 | 20.25912 | 85.78906 | 69.50338 | 28.46346 | 30.60222 | 14.63757 | 66.05878 | 32.57152 |
C41 | 20.27792 | 85.84366 | 67.04543 | 27.48234 | 26.83103 | 12.1205 | 61.05687 | 29.94604 |
R1 | 20.27851 | 85.81153 | 56.01587 | 22.73536 | 21.70061 | 10.64816 | 52.55765 | 25.75555 |
R2 | 20.27539 | 85.81276 | 47.18836 | 18.65674 | 21.58437 | 9.490134 | 44.91429 | 21.80068 |
R3 | 20.28048 | 85.81413 | 50.52161 | 20.17504 | 22.95792 | 10.86143 | 53.56672 | 26.47008 |
R4 | 20.2738 | 85.82475 | 62.24387 | 25.224 | 24.37198 | 11.44323 | 61.19346 | 30.07449 |
R5 | 20.2754 | 85.82558 | 61.92137 | 25.10794 | 24.82024 | 11.5173 | 62.56966 | 30.7212 |
R6 | 20.27738 | 85.82646 | 58.8049 | 23.73706 | 22.26622 | 10.36795 | 55.75706 | 27.31723 |
R7 | 20.28334 | 85.81971 | 43.19109 | 16.91794 | 23.57711 | 11.44323 | 41.02571 | 20.114 |
R8 | 20.28262 | 85.82298 | 49.28003 | 19.56016 | 27.32401 | 12.98096 | 46.90725 | 23.11562 |
R9 | 20.27931 | 85.82058 | 51.62947 | 20.59056 | 24.81804 | 11.96792 | 48.87051 | 24.12991 |
R10 | 20.27855 | 85.81748 | 46.45136 | 18.45906 | 23.22305 | 10.93312 | 46.99425 | 23.22713 |
R11 | 20.27101 | 85.81223 | 52.08451 | 20.8 | 28.29197 | 13.30277 | 50.22129 | 24.35858 |
R12 | 20.27308 | 85.80842 | 47.46474 | 18.95536 | 21.89963 | 10.86143 | 50.32956 | 25.05172 |
R13 | 20.28216 | 85.82511 | 45.97003 | 18.16464 | 23.29739 | 11.36947 | 45.79568 | 22.1254 |
R14 | 20.28438 | 85.82148 | 42.84688 | 16.824 | 21.49334 | 10.64816 | 41.51861 | 20.52854 |
R15 | 20.28589 | 85.8155 | 51.52591 | 20.59056 | 26.75112 | 12.74272 | 46.72696 | 22.67255 |
R16 | 20.27865 | 85.8056 | 54.6695 | 21.864 | 26.25668 | 12.42924 | 54.11731 | 26.59021 |
R17 | 20.271 | 85.80553 | 57.51859 | 23.06674 | 29.05802 | 14.04424 | 56.71729 | 27.93124 |
R18 | 20.27053 | 85.82158 | 55.9977 | 22.62546 | 31.72955 | 14.89632 | 53.85754 | 26.59021 |
R19 | 20.26998 | 85.82782 | 55.49718 | 21.75634 | 28.65411 | 13.14127 | 52.75008 | 25.51975 |
R20 | 20.26941 | 85.83735 | 58.1855 | 23.5125 | 21.38667 | 8.35761 | 60.16715 | 29.69003 |
R21 | 20.26608 | 85.83655 | 54.78385 | 21.64896 | 28.97799 | 14.29674 | 51.00623 | 24.58844 |
R22 | 20.25828 | 85.83912 | 61.92137 | 25.10794 | 23.98384 | 10.29865 | 58.24917 | 28.55269 |
R23 | 20.25514 | 85.83834 | 56.54423 | 22.84554 | 18.46702 | 8.724418 | 52.97672 | 26.11148 |
R24 | 20.25608 | 85.82807 | 55.61331 | 22.4065 | 25.66594 | 12.42924 | 50.54571 | 24.81948 |
R25 | 20.26177 | 85.82833 | 55.79238 | 22.51584 | 23.49315 | 10.71895 | 58.2949 | 28.80335 |
R26 | 20.26477 | 85.82355 | 54.82798 | 21.864 | 26.60368 | 11.44323 | 50.18057 | 24.35858 |
R27 | 20.262 | 85.84806 | 54.61422 | 21.75634 | 24.11343 | 11.44323 | 53.51639 | 26.35025 |
R28 | 20.29454 | 85.84741 | 53.62005 | 21.01056 | 25.25628 | 11.36947 | 53.41054 | 26.23072 |
R29 | 20.29441 | 85.85153 | 45.86444 | 17.10666 | 22.95446 | 10.71895 | 48.27716 | 23.33894 |
R30 | 20.29297 | 85.85071 | 61.66032 | 25.10794 | 23.87609 | 11.44323 | 56.40556 | 27.43944 |
R31 | 20.29006 | 85.85954 | 51.34678 | 20.07186 | 23.27901 | 11.44323 | 52.22435 | 25.6375 |
R32 | 20.29279 | 85.85992 | 58.4152 | 23.62464 | 20.92299 | 10.29865 | 58.09544 | 28.55269 |
R33 | 20.29448 | 85.86124 | 56.56742 | 22.84554 | 32.97886 | 14.63757 | 53.31302 | 26.47008 |
R34 | 20.28751 | 85.79829 | 56.33983 | 22.73536 | 24.48622 | 11.36947 | 51.71759 | 25.51975 |
R35 | 20.29458 | 85.80348 | 52.95181 | 21.22224 | 25.45604 | 12.35161 | 48.11245 | 23.67615 |
R36 | 20.2925 | 85.80472 | 54.28987 | 21.43504 | 25.152 | 11.44323 | 51.24545 | 24.70381 |
R37 | 20.30169 | 85.81381 | 53.88115 | 21.64896 | 29.36921 | 14.63757 | 49.33497 | 24.2441 |
R38 | 20.32633 | 85.80933 | 59.06322 | 23.96274 | 27.0523 | 11.44323 | 54.67694 | 27.19531 |
R39 | 20.24374 | 85.79002 | 45.38001 | 17.96976 | 20.81033 | 8.539677 | 49.77617 | 23.90244 |
R40 | 20.23924 | 85.76711 | 49.44275 | 18.85554 | 23.34055 | 11.5173 | 53.68479 | 26.35025 |
R41 | 20.30232 | 85.86464 | 46.94806 | 16.3585 | 24.52615 | 12.04406 | 56.85732 | 27.93124 |
S1 | 20.26694 | 85.81068 | 62.93323 | 25.69104 | 23.47667 | 11.5173 | 60.7648 | 30.07449 |
S2 | 20.27235 | 85.81221 | 56.2496 | 22.84554 | 23.04269 | 11.5173 | 54.03363 | 26.59021 |
S3 | 20.2756 | 85.81786 | 61.60207 | 24.99216 | 25.84486 | 12.19724 | 60.49477 | 29.4352 |
S4 | 20.27996 | 85.82714 | 48.12608 | 19.15584 | 31.16495 | 14.63757 | 50.17085 | 24.70381 |
S5 | 20.27735 | 85.79723 | 67.8421 | 27.72594 | 38.83025 | 18.79959 | 69.44338 | 34.20387 |
S6 | 20.27052 | 85.83325 | 46.40281 | 18.55776 | 31.14415 | 15.15773 | 48.50637 | 24.01603 |
S7 | 20.25599 | 85.84047 | 60.93365 | 24.41746 | 27.72909 | 11.44323 | 59.07209 | 28.67788 |
S8 | 20.25838 | 85.82588 | 54.20096 | 21.75634 | 17.86636 | 8.237718 | 54.51543 | 26.71064 |
S9 | 20.25989 | 85.82413 | 59.08643 | 23.96274 | 28.00994 | 12.1205 | 54.90866 | 26.71064 |
S10 | 20.27412 | 85.83824 | 56.3251 | 22.62546 | 25.01808 | 11.296 | 53.47008 | 26.23072 |
S11 | 20.28099 | 85.84323 | 59.25394 | 23.5125 | 23.1169 | 11.36947 | 54.64445 | 26.95238 |
S12 | 20.29072 | 85.84935 | 56.03303 | 22.73536 | 26.20629 | 12.42924 | 54.1511 | 26.71064 |
S13 | 20.29658 | 85.84055 | 59.17938 | 23.84976 | 24.74326 | 12.04406 | 60.67159 | 29.81788 |
S14 | 20.29996 | 85.85175 | 65.09552 | 26.63856 | 25.98511 | 12.35161 | 57.93102 | 28.42781 |
S15 | 20.30624 | 85.83334 | 61.68778 | 24.99216 | 34.9641 | 16.41306 | 56.94853 | 27.93124 |
S16 | 20.31329 | 85.81966 | 63.23159 | 25.57386 | 40.38809 | 19.50111 | 62.16538 | 30.33228 |
S17 | 20.24839 | 85.80047 | 57.45432 | 23.06674 | 41.38763 | 19.60252 | 52.37196 | 25.87389 |
S18 | 20.23086 | 85.77756 | 62.01089 | 25.10794 | 33.56155 | 15.51045 | 55.45601 | 26.83136 |
I1 | 20.29167 | 85.85557 | 61.25964 | 24.87666 | 26.08471 | 12.35161 | 54.25844 | 26.11148 |
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Das, C.P., Goswami, S., Panda, B.P. et al. Noise Mapping and Impact of COVID-19 Lock Down on Traffic Noise Induced Health Issues Using SEM Approach. Int J Environ Res 18, 105 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00655-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-024-00655-w