Do Digital Technologies Influence the Relationship between the COVID-19 Crisis and SMEs’ Resilience in Developing Countries?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Digital Technologies and SMEs’ Resilience
2.2. Working from Home and SMEs’ Resilience
2.3. Government Support and SMEs’ Resilience
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Method and Sample
3.2. Questionnaire Development
3.3. Variable Measurement
3.3.1. Dependent Variable
3.3.2. Measurement of the Independent Variables
Variable Name | Definition | Measure | Reference (s) |
---|---|---|---|
RES | Production | An ordinal variable measured on 3-point scale (1= the firm keeps the same level of production, 2 = part-time work, 3 = total stoppage of production). | [11,50,53,54,56] |
Sales | An ordinal variable measured on 3-point scale (1= increase, 2 = remain the same, 3 = decrease). | [25,50] | |
Manager | An ordinal variable measured on 2-point scale (1= yes, 2 = no). | [22,31,32,50,53] | |
Labor | An ordinal variable measured on 3-point scale (1 = increased, 2 = remained the same, 3 = decreased). | [50,54] | |
Finance access | An ordinal variable measured on 5-point scale (1 = loans from commercial banks, 2 = loans from non-banking financial institutions, 3 = delaying payments to suppliers or workers, 4 = sales on credit, 5 = purchases on credit). | [50,56] | |
DigiTech | Digital technologies | A binary variable that is 1 if the SMEs use digital technologies during the COVID-19 and 0 otherwise. | [11,16,18,22,31,34,55] |
WFH | Working from home | A binary variable that is 1 if employees work from home during the COVID-19 crisis and 0 otherwise. | [23,30,32,37] |
GVS | Government support | A binary variable that is 1 if the SMEs received any government support and 0 otherwise. | [1,4,38,40,41] |
CON | Connection quality | A binary variable that is 1 if there is good connection quality within the SMEs and 0 otherwise. | [41] |
SIZE | The SMEs’ size | An ordinal variable measured on 4-point scale (1 = 100 and above, 4 = 9 and below).SIZE is coded 1 if the employee number is less than 9, 2 if the number is between 10 and 49, 3 if the number is between 51 and 99, and 4 if the number is more than 100. | [35] |
COVID | The Case Fatality Ratio for COVID-19 | (Deaths due to disease/Confirmed cases) × 100 | [57,58] |
GDP | Gross domestic product | The economic growth rate of the gross domestic product. | [59,60] |
INF | Inflation | The inflation rate. | [59,60] |
3.4. Model Specification
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Cross-Correlation Matrix
4.3. Findings
5. Discussion: Digital Technology, SMEs’ Resilience, and Open Innovation
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Notes
- 1.
- The rate of economic growth of the gross domestic product, the rate of inflation, COVID-19 case numbers, and COVID-19 death numbers are often taken from the World Bank (4), Trading Economics (5), and the World Health Organization (6) websites.
- (1)
- Available online: https://fr.statista.com (accessed on 18 March 2021).
- (2)
- Available online: www.ilo.org (accessed on 8 February 2021).
- (3)
- Available online: www.worlddata.info (accessed on 15 March 2021).
- (4)
- Available online: www.worldbank.org (accessed on 15 March 2021).
- (5)
- Available online: www.tradingeconomics.com (accessed on 12 June 2021).
- (6)
- Available online: www.who.int (accessed on 7 March 2021).
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Profile of Respondents | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
Gender distribution | ||
Male | 79 | 82.5 |
Female | 17 | 17.5 |
Distribution by age | ||
Less than 35 years | 19 | 19.8 |
Between 35 and 45 years | 43 | 43.8 |
More than 45 years | 34 | 36.5 |
Distribution by country | ||
Bahrain | 9 | 9.38 |
Egypt | 12 | 12.5 |
Pakistan | 25 | 26.04 |
Saudi Arabia | 10 | 10.42 |
Tunisia | 30 | 31 |
United Arab Emirates | 10 | 10.42 |
Status of respondents | ||
Managing Director | 16 | 16.5 |
Financial Director | 11 | 11.3 |
Technical Director | 9 | 9.38 |
Operation Director | 12 | 12.5 |
General Manager | 16 | 22.7 |
Human Resources Manager | 14 | 14.4 |
Accountant | 10 | 10.42 |
Auditor | 8 | 8.3 |
SME sector | ||
Accounting/Auditing/Law | 33 | 34.36 |
Clothing/Textile/Leather | 10 | 10.42 |
Machinery/Equipment/Heavy Industry | 13 | 13.54 |
Food/Beverages/Cosmetics | 5 | 5.21 |
Trading/Import and Export | 4 | 4.17 |
Agriculture/Fishery/Forestry | 4 | 4.18 |
Manufacturing | 3 | 3.12 |
Others | 24 | 25 |
VARIABLES | Mean | Sd | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
RES | 5.166 | 2.907 | 0 | 11 |
SIZE | 1.926 | 1.178 | 1 | 4 |
COVID | 2.926 | 0.849 | 0.318 | 5.922 |
GDP | 105.044 | 145.334 | 37.87 | 793 |
INF | 5.048 | 2.031 | −1.86 | 9.05 |
Variables | DigiTech | WFH | GVS | CON | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency % | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
60.42 | 39.58 | 36.56 | 63.44 | 34.38 | 65.63 | 43.75 | 56.25 |
Variables | DigiTech | WFH | GVS | CON | Size | COVID | GDP | INF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DigiTech | 1.000 | |||||||
WFH | 0.073 | 1.000 | ||||||
GVS | 0.220 | 0.130 | 1.000 | |||||
CON | 0.102 | −0.020 | 0.107 | 1.000 | ||||
Size | −0.216 | 0.066 | −0.086 | 0.092 | 1.000 | |||
COVID | −0.084 | 0.035 | −0.201 | −0.210 | −0.001 | 1.000 | ||
GDP | 0.074 | −0.149 | 0.089 | 0.137 | 0.092 | −0.438 | 1.000 | |
INF | 0.111 | −0.174 | 0.037 | 0.189 | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.320 | 1.000 |
VARIABLES | RES |
---|---|
DigiTech | 1.455 |
(0.012) ** | |
WFH | 1.665 |
(0.004) *** | |
GVS | 1.238 |
(0.034) ** | |
CON | 0.483 |
(0.383) | |
SIZE | 0.573 |
(0.015) ** | |
COVID | 0.240 |
(0.425) | |
GDP | 0.002 |
(0.228) | |
INF | −0.229 |
(0.169) | |
Constant | 1.300 |
(0.362) | |
N | 96 |
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Khalil, A.; Abdelli, M.E.A.; Mogaji, E. Do Digital Technologies Influence the Relationship between the COVID-19 Crisis and SMEs’ Resilience in Developing Countries? J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2022, 8, 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020100
Khalil A, Abdelli MEA, Mogaji E. Do Digital Technologies Influence the Relationship between the COVID-19 Crisis and SMEs’ Resilience in Developing Countries? Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2022; 8(2):100. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020100
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhalil, Afef, Mohammed El Amine Abdelli, and Emmanuel Mogaji. 2022. "Do Digital Technologies Influence the Relationship between the COVID-19 Crisis and SMEs’ Resilience in Developing Countries?" Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 8, no. 2: 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8020100